Can Computers Really Think?
Computers seem smart, playing chess, writing articles, drawing pictures... but are they really thinking? This article reveals the secret of how computers "think"!
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Browse every article about computers, programming, networks, and artificial intelligence.
Are Phones, Tablets, and Game Consoles Computers Too?
Computers do not always have a keyboard, mouse, and big case. Phones, tablets, and game consoles look very different—so why are they computers too?
What Is a Computer?
A computer receives information, processes it with programs, produces results, and can save data.
How Does a Computer Work?
Build the input → process → output → storage model.
Why Do Computers Need Programs?
Use a sandwich-making robot to understand programs as precise instructions.
Why Can AI Give Different Answers to the Same Question?
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How Can AI Chat with Us?
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Why Does AI Sometimes Sound Confident but Get Things Wrong?
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How Is AI Different from Traditional Programs?
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Can AI Do Everything?
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How Does AI Find Relationships in a Sentence?
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How Does AI Generate an Answer One Token at a Time?
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How Does AI Generate Images?
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How Does AI Generate Sound and Music?
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Who Created AI-Generated Images and Writing?
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Does AI Have Memory?
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How Does AI Improve Step by Step?
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Does AI Know When It's Wrong?
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What Does AI Learn From?
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Why Does AI Make Mistakes?
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How Does AI Read Text?
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Can AI Really Think?
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How Does AI Recognize Objects in Images?
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How Can One AI See, Hear, and Talk?
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How Does AI See Images?
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How Can AI Tell Cats from Dogs?
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How Does AI Know When It's Wrong?
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How Does AI Turn Speech into Text?
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How Can AI Understand Audio?
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How Does AI Understand a Photo?
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How Can AI Understand Our Speech?
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How Does AI Understand Video?
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What Do O(1), O(n), and O(n²) Mean?
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What Is an API?
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How Does an App Get Data from a Server?
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How Are Arguments Passed into a Function?
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Arithmetic Operators: Let the Computer Calculate
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Why Do Array Indexes Start at 0?
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What Does an Array Look Like in Memory?
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What Is an Array Out-of-Bounds Error?
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What Is Artificial Intelligence?
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What Does an Artificial Neuron Do?
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From Asking AI to Do Things to Thinking with AI
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What Does Assignment Mean?
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Attention: Which Words Should AI Focus On?
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BFS: Exploring Layer by Layer
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Binary Search: Eliminate Half Each Time
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Why Is Binary Search O(log n)?
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What Is a Binary Tree?
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How Do We Break a Big Problem into Functions?
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How Do We Break a Big Problem into Smaller Problems?
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What Do break and continue Do?
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How Do Browsers and Servers Communicate?
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Brute-Force Search: Try Every Possibility
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Bubble Sort: Let Bigger Values Bubble Up
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What Is a Bug and Why Do Programs Go Wrong?
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Build a Small Project with AI
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Calculating Factorials with Recursion
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What Is the Call Stack?
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char and bool: Characters and True or False
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How Does a Chat App Send Messages?
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How Do We Check Whether an AI Answer Is Correct?
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How Do We Choose the Right Data Structure and Algorithm?
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How Do We Choose the Right Data Structure?
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cin and cout: Talking with Your Program
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What Are Clients and Servers?
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Coding with AI
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What Do .com, .cn, and .org Mean?
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Comparing Values
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What Is Compilation?
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From Client to Server: A Complete Network Request
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What Is a Computer Network?
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How Do Computers Find Each Other on a Network?
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Creating Images with AI
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How Does Data Travel Across the Internet?
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Why Do Data Types Matter?
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What Is Deep Learning?
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How Do We Define and Call a Function?
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What's the Difference Between DFS and BFS?
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DFS: Go as Deep as Possible
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How Are DFS and Recursion Related?
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How Did AI Evolve into What It Is Today?
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How Did AI Learn to Chat?
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What's the Difference Between Ethernet and Wi-Fi?
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What's the Difference Between Training and Using AI?
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What Is DNS?
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How Does DNS Help Us Find a Website?
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From Domain Name to IP: A DNS Lookup
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What's the Relationship Between a Domain Name and an IP Address?
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Don't Start Coding Right Away
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Why Can Downloads Be Fast While Games Still Lag?
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What Are Edge Cases?
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if...else: What If the Condition Is False?
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What Is Encryption?
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Enumeration: Try Every Possibility
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How Do We Estimate Whether a Program Will Time Out?
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Everything Can Become Data
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Is Everything Online True?
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What Exactly Is an Algorithm?
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How Do We Explain Our Ideas Clearly to AI?
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What Is a Feature?
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How Do We Find Bugs Ourselves?
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How Do We Find the Maximum and Minimum?
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How Do We Find the Sum and Average?
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Finding the Shortest Path with BFS
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Can a Function Call Itself?
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What Is a Graph?
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Greedy Algorithms: Make the Best Choice Now
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How Do We Handle Multiple Conditions?
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What Happens to the Call Stack During Recursion?
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What Happens During AI Training?
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What Happens After You Enter a Web Address?
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What Happens When One Function Calls Another?
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What Happens When a Packet Gets Lost?
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What Happens to Variables Inside a Loop?
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How Does Your Home Connect to the Internet?
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How Are Numbers Stored in a Computer?
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How Do Computer Parts Work Together?
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How Do Folders Organize Files?
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How Do Letters Become Numbers?
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How Does the CPU Work?
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How Does a Screen Display Images?
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How Does Sound Become Digital Data?
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What Do HTML, CSS, and JavaScript Do?
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What Is HTTP?
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Why Does HTTPS Have an Extra S?
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How Does HTTPS Protect Us?
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Why Is an Image Split into Many Packets?
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What Information Do We Leave Online?
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What Are Input, Hidden, and Output Layers?
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Insertion Sort: Like Sorting Playing Cards
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int: How Do We Store Integers?
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What Is the Internet?
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Is the Internet Safe?
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What Is an IP Address?
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How Do IP Addresses and Ports Find a Program?
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What Is IPv6?
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What Is a Large Language Model?
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How Are Large Language Models Trained?
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Why Do We Learn Programming with C++?
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Learning with AI
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How Does a Line of C++ Code Run?
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Linear Search: Looking One by One
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Linked Lists: Data Holding Hands
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What Is a Local Area Network?
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for Loops: Making the Computer Repeat
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Can Machines Really Learn?
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How Can We Make a Slow Program Faster?
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What Is a Model?
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The Modulo Operator: Why Is Remainder So Useful?
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Why Isn't More Data Always Better?
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How Much Smarter Can AI Become?
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What Is Multimodal AI?
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Why Do We Need Arrays?
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Why Do We Need Functions?
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Why Do We Need to Organize Data?
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What Is Network Latency?
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What Is a Neural Network?
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How Does a Neural Network Adjust Itself?
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How Does Information Flow Through a Neural Network?
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How Does a Neural Network Recognize Digits?
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Why Do Neural Networks Have Many Layers?
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AND, OR, NOT: Combining Conditions
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What Do Numbers Like 192.168.1.10 Mean?
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From Problem to Accepted: Solving a Complete Olympiad Problem
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Can One Server Serve Many Users?
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What Is a Packet?
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Do Packets Always Take the Same Route?
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How Do Packets Find Their Destination?
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What Is a Phishing Website?
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What Does Ping Measure?
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How Do Players See Each Other in Online Games?
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What Is a Port?
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Prefix Sums: Precompute for Faster Answers
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Why Can One Problem Have Different Algorithms?
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What Problems Can Arrays Help Us Solve?
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What's the Difference Between a Program and an Algorithm?
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Why Does a Program Run One Step at a Time?
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What Is Programming?
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What Is a Prompt?
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How Can We Protect Our Privacy?
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Why Should You Never Share Verification Codes?
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What's the Difference Between Public and Private IP Addresses?
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Can We Put a Loop Inside Another Loop?
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Queues: Like Waiting in Line
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How Do We Really Understand a Problem?
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What Is Recursion?
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Why Does Recursion Need a Base Case?
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How Does Recursion Return Step by Step?
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Why Can Recursion Solve a Maze?
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What Does return Bring Back?
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What Does a Router Do?
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Why Are We Running Out of IPv4 Addresses?
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What Is Search?
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Selection Sort: Pick the Smallest Each Time
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What Is a Server?
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Why Shouldn't We Click Unknown Links?
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What Should We Learn in the Age of AI?
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Why Shouldn't Passwords Be Too Simple?
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Why Shouldn't We Share Private Information with AI?
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Simulation: Following the Rules
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Be a Smart and Safe Internet User
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Why Can a Solution Fail Even If the Samples Pass?
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Solving a Maze with DFS
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Solving Smaller Problems with Recursion
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Why Are Some Programs Fast and Others Slow?
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How Do We Spot Repeated Work?
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Stacks: Like a Pile of Plates
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Why Start with the Simplest Case?
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What Is a String?
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Stuck? Try Brute Force First
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How Does TCP Deliver Data Reliably?
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How Do We Teach AI to Tell Cats from Dogs?
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if: Teaching Programs to Make Choices
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How Does Text Become Numbers?
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What Is Time Complexity?
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What Is a Token?
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How Do We Trace a Program Step by Step?
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What Is Training Data?
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What Is a Transformer?
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How Do We Traverse an Array?
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How Do We Traverse and Process Strings?
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What Is a Tree?
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What's the Difference Between Trees and Graphs?
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Can We Trust AI-Generated Code?
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How Do We Turn a Real-World Problem into Data?
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How Do Two Computers Talk to Each Other?
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Two-Dimensional Arrays: Data in a Grid
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Why Doesn't UDP Always Wait for Missing Data?
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What Is a Variable? A Box for Data
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Watch Out! Numbers Can Overflow
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What Is a Web Browser?
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How Does a Web Page Travel from a Server to Your Screen?
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Why Do Websites Need Domain Names?
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What Are Websites and Web Pages?
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What Are Weights?
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What Does an Operating System Do?
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What Does RAM Do?
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What Really Happens When You Install Software?
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What Happens When You Open a Program?
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What Happens When You Turn On a Computer?
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What Is a File?
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What Is an Image Inside a Computer?
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What's Inside a Computer?
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Where Is a Cloud Server?
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Where Does a File Go After You Delete It?
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Where Does Storage Keep Data?
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Where Do Local Variables Live?
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Where Do We See AI in Everyday Life?
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Where Do Variables Live in Memory?
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while Loops: Repeating Until Something Changes
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Why Is the GPU Good at Graphics?
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How Will AI Change Programming?
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How Will AI Change the Way We Learn?
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Will AI Replace Humans?
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Write Your First C++ Program
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How Do We Write a Good Prompt?
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Writing Stories with AI
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What Does www Mean?
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What Is the Difference Between Software and Programs?
A program is a set of instructions; software is often a complete product containing programs, data and documentation.
From Files to Programs: Connecting the Computer World
Programs themselves can be saved inside files.
How Big Are KB, MB, GB and TB?
B, KB, MB, GB and TB are common units for measuring data.
How Big Is a 0 or 1? Meet the Bit
A bit is one of the smallest units of binary information and can represent 0 or 1.
How Can a Computer Run Many Programs at Once?
A CPU quickly switches between programs, while multiple cores can process tasks at the same time.
How Do Keyboards and Mice Tell a Computer What We Mean?
Keyboards and mice turn presses, movement and clicks into digital signals.
How Do We Convert Binary to Decimal?
To convert binary to decimal, mark the place values 1, 2, 4, 8 and add the places containing 1.
How Do We Convert Decimal to Binary?
To convert a decimal number to binary, repeatedly divide by 2 and read the remainders backwards.
How Does Binary Counting Work?
Binary uses only 0 and 1; its place values are 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16.
How Does a Computer Understand Chinese?
Chinese characters are represented through character encodings too.
How Does a CPU Execute a Program Step by Step?
A program eventually becomes machine instructions that a CPU can execute.
Why Do Different Files Need Different Apps?
Different file formats organize data in different ways.
Why Do 8 Bits Make a Byte?
A byte usually contains 8 bits, a basic unit used throughout computer history.
Why Do Computers Have Desktops and Windows?
A graphical interface lets people use icons, buttons and a mouse instead of typing every command.
Why Do Computers Use Only 0 and 1?
Electronic circuits can reliably distinguish two stable states, such as high and low voltage.
Why Do Files Have Different Extensions?
A file extension hints at a format, such as .txt, .png or .cpp.
Why Do Photos and Videos Take So Much Space?
Photos contain many pixels, while videos contain many frames and may also include sound.
Why Does a Computer Sometimes Slow Down?
Common causes include a busy CPU, low memory, slow storage, too many programs or background tasks.
Why Is a Motherboard Like a Traffic City?
A motherboard gives the CPU, memory, storage and other parts connection points and communication paths.
Why Are Programs Loaded from Storage into RAM?
SSD storage keeps data for a long time, while RAM lets the CPU read current data quickly.
What Can Computers Actually Do?
Computers do much more than arithmetic. They process data, store information, communicate, control devices, and automate tasks.
What Is a Pixel?
A pixel is the smallest image-position unit in a digital bitmap. Each pixel records a color, and many pixels arranged in rows and columns make the photos and screenshots we see.
How Does RGB Create Colors?
RGB is a common way to represent color in digital images and screens. Red, green and blue channels combine to make many colors; with 8 bits per channel, each value usually ranges from 0 to 255.